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 +{{pfw:banner.png}}
 +====== Buffer data structure ======
 +
 +uh 2021-12-11
 +
 +===== Idea =====
 +
 +For storing data, applications use memory. Applications need to manage that memory:
 +
 +  * reserve (//allocate//) it for use,
 +  * identifying the appropriate parts of data and the locations in memory where to store that parts.
 +
 +A **buffer** is a general data structure, that can hold a fixed number of //entries// (also called //elements//). That fixed number is often called the //capacity// of the buffer.
 +
 +A buffer is located at some (named) //buffer-base-address// in memory and consists of contiguous memory space for the capacity entries. We assume here that all entries have a fixed size of //entry-size// bytes. The buffer thus occupies capacity * entry-size bytes.
 +
 +Ultimately entries must be stored in memory at their particular //entry-address//. The application however will deal with indices into the buffer that often run from 0 to capacity-1. So applications have to do the appropriate address calculation
 +
 +<code>
 +    entry-address = buffer-base-address + index * entry-size
 +</code>
 +
 +on their own.
 +
 +==== Implementation of Buffers ====
 +
 +The most simple implementation just allocates the appropriate number of bytes in memory.
 +
 +<code>
 +          (named)
 +       +- buffer-base-address      +------- entry-size (in bytes)
 +       |                           |
 +       V                     <------------>
 +       +------+------+------+--------------+
 +       |      |      |      |              |
 +   ... | x_0  | x_1  |  …   | x_capacity-1 | ...
 +       |      |      |      |              |
 +       +------+------+------+--------------+
 +Index     0      1             capacity-1
 +</code>
 +
 +=== Pseudo code of a buffer and the read/write access to its entries ===
 +
 +<code>
 +Create a buffer with «capacity» entries of size «entry-size»:
 +  reserve «capacity» * «entry-size» bytes in memory, record its «buffer-base-address»
 +
 +Function: store-value ( value index buffer-base-address -- ) 
 +    Store «value» in the buffer at «index» by storing «value» in memory at 
 +       «buffer-base-address» + «index» * «entry-size»
 +
 +Function: read-value ( index buffer-base-address -- value )
 +    Fetch «value» from the buffer at «index» by reading memory at 
 +       «buffer-base-address» + «index» * «entry-size»
 +</code>
 +
 +
 +----
 +
 +==== Forth implementations ====
 +
 +  * **[[https://github.com/project-forth-works/project-forth-works.github.io/blob/main/minimalforth.md|Generic Forth]]** implementation of a buffer.
 +
 +<code forth>
 +    \ buffer in Generic Forth
 +    \ -----------------------------------------------------------------
 +
 +    32 CONSTANT capacity
 +    1 CELL CONSTANT entry-size
 +
 +    CREATE buf  capacity entry-size * ALLOT
 +
 +
 +    : store-value ( x index buffer-base-address -- )   SWAP entry-size * +  ! ;
 + 
 +    : read-value  ( index buffer-base-address -- x )   SWAP entry-size * +  @ ;
 +
 +</code>
 +
 + 
 +
 +<HTML><ul></HTML>
 +<HTML><li></HTML><HTML><p></HTML>**Forth-200x** implementation of a buffer data structure<HTML></p></HTML>
 +<HTML><p></HTML>There is a Forth-200x standard word called ''%%BUFFER: ( u <name> -- )%%'' that allows to to define buffers.\\
 +''%%BUFFER:%%'' is a defining words that is used in the form<HTML></p></HTML>
 +<code>
 +  «u» Buffer: «name» 
 +</code>
 +
 +<HTML><p></HTML>where «u» is the size in bytes of the buffer to be allocated and «name» is the name of the new buffer. When «name» is later executed it pushes its buffer-base-address on the stack.<HTML></p></HTML>
 +<HTML><p></HTML>You can define ''%%buffer:%%'' in [[https://github.com/project-forth-works/project-forth-works.github.io/blob/main/minimalforth.md|Generic Forth]] like this:<HTML></p></HTML><HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ul></HTML>
 +
 +<code>
 +     \ For RAM-only systems
 +     : BUFFER: ( u <name> -- ) 
 +        CREATE ALLOT ;
 +
 +     \ For RAM-only and for RAM/ROM systems
 +     : BUFFER: ( u <name> -- )
 +        HERE SWAP ALLOT  \ ram { b_0 | ... | b_u }
 +        CREATE ,         \ rom { 'ram }
 +        DOES> ( -- addr ) @ ;
 +</code>
 +
 +===== Contributions =====
 +
 +<html><h2 style="background-color:yellow">Alternative Implementations</h2></html>
 +